一、水泵的分類
水泵(beng)(beng)一般多以泵(beng)(beng)的(de)結構(gou)和作用(yong)原(yuan)理來分(fen)類,有時根據需(xu)要也按使用(yong)部門(men)、用(yong)途、動力(li)類型和泵(beng)(beng)的(de)水力(li)性能等進行分(fen)類。
(1)按使用(yong)(yong)部門分 有農業用(yong)(yong)泵(beng)(農用(yong)(yong)泵(beng))、工作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)泵(beng)(工業泵(beng))和特殊(shu)用(yong)(yong)泵(beng)等。
(2)按用(yong)途分 有水泵(beng)、砂泵(beng)、泥漿泵(beng)、污水泵(beng)、污物(wu)泵(beng)、井用(yong)泵(beng)、潛水電泵(beng)、噴灌(guan)泵(beng)、家用(yong)泵(beng)、消防泵(beng)等(deng)。
(3)按動(dong)(dong)力(li)類型分 有手(shou)動(dong)(dong)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、畜(chu)力(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、腳(jiao)踏(ta)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、風力(li)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、太(tai)陽能水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、電動(dong)(dong)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、機動(dong)(dong)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、水(shui)輪泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、內燃水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、水(shui)錘泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)等。
(4)按工(gong)作原理分 有離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、混流泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、軸流泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、旋渦泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、射流泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、容(rong)積(ji)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(螺桿泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、活塞(sai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、隔膜泵(beng)(beng)(beng))、鏈條泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、電磁泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、液環(huan)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、脈沖(chong)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)等。
二、水(shui)泵的(de)工(gong)作原理
(一)離(li)心(xin)泵的工作原理(li)及特點
1、離心泵的工(gong)作(zuo)原理
水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)開動前,先(xian)將泵(beng)(beng)和進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管灌(guan)滿水(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)運轉后,在(zai)(zai)葉輪(lun)(lun)高速旋(xuan)轉而產生(sheng)的(de)(de)離心力的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下,葉輪(lun)(lun)流道里的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)被(bei)甩相四周,壓(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)蝸殼,葉輪(lun)(lun)入(ru)口形成真(zhen)空,水(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)外界大氣壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力下沿(yan)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管被(bei)吸(xi)入(ru)補充了這個空間。繼(ji)而吸(xi)入(ru)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)又被(bei)葉輪(lun)(lun)甩出(chu)經蝸殼而進(jin)入(ru)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管。由此可(ke)(ke)見,若離心泵(beng)(beng)葉輪(lun)(lun)不斷(duan)旋(xuan)轉,則可(ke)(ke)連續吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、壓(ya)(ya)(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)便(bian)可(ke)(ke)源源不斷(duan)地從低處揚到高處或遠方。綜(zong)上所(suo)述,離心泵(beng)(beng)是由于在(zai)(zai)葉輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)高速旋(xuan)轉所(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)離心力的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下,將水(shui)(shui)(shui)提相高處的(de)(de),故稱離心泵(beng)(beng)。
2、離心泵的一(yi)般特(te)點(dian)
(1)水沿(yan)離(li)心泵的(de)流(liu)經方向是(shi)沿(yan)葉輪的(de)軸(zhou)向吸入,垂直于軸(zhou)向流(liu)出,即(ji)進出水流(liu)方向互成(cheng)90°。
(2)由于離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)靠(kao)葉(xie)輪進口形成真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)吸水(shui),因此在起動前(qian)必須相泵(beng)(beng)內(nei)和吸水(shui)管內(nei)灌注引水(shui),或用真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)泵(beng)(beng)抽(chou)氣(qi)(qi),以(yi)排出空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)形成真(zhen)空(kong)(kong),而且(qie)泵(beng)(beng)殼(ke)和吸水(shui)管路必須嚴格(ge)密封,不(bu)得漏氣(qi)(qi),否則形不(bu)成真(zhen)空(kong)(kong),也就吸不(bu)上水(shui)來。
(3)由(you)于(yu)葉輪進口不可能形成絕對真空,因(yin)此離心泵(beng)吸(xi)水(shui)高(gao)(gao)度不能超過(guo)10米,加上水(shui)流經吸(xi)水(shui)管路(lu)帶來的沿程損失,實際允許(xu)安(an)裝(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)度(水(shui)泵(beng)軸線距吸(xi)入(ru)水(shui)面的高(gao)(gao)度)遠小于(yu)10米。如安(an)裝(zhuang)過(guo)高(gao)(gao),則不吸(xi)水(shui);此外,由(you)于(yu)山區比平原大氣壓力低(di),因(yin)此同一臺水(shui)泵(beng)在山區,特(te)別(bie)是在高(gao)(gao)山區安(an)裝(zhuang)時,其安(an)裝(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)度應降低(di),否則也不能吸(xi)上水(shui)來。
(二)軸流泵的工作原理及特點
1、軸流(liu)泵(beng)的(de)工作原理
軸流泵(beng)(beng)與(yu)離心泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)工作原(yuan)理不(bu)同,它主要是利用葉(xie)輪的(de)(de)高速旋轉所(suo)(suo)產生的(de)(de)推力提(ti)水(shui)。軸流泵(beng)(beng)葉(xie)片旋轉時對(dui)水(shui)所(suo)(suo)產生的(de)(de)升力,可把(ba)水(shui)從下方推到上方。
軸流泵的(de)(de)葉(xie)片一般(ban)浸沒在被(bei)吸水源的(de)(de)水池中。由于葉(xie)輪(lun)高速旋轉(zhuan),在葉(xie)片產生(sheng)的(de)(de)升(sheng)力(li)作用下,連續(xu)不斷的(de)(de)將(jiang)水向上推壓(ya),使(shi)水沿(yan)出水管(guan)流出。葉(xie)輪(lun)不斷的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan),水也就被(bei)連續(xu)壓(ya)送(song)到高處。
2、軸流(liu)泵的一般特點
(1)水在軸(zhou)流(liu)泵的流(liu)經方向是沿葉輪的軸(zhou)相(xiang)吸入、軸(zhou)相(xiang)流(liu)出,因(yin)此稱軸(zhou)流(liu)泵。
(2)揚程低(di)(1~13米)、流(liu)量大、效益高,適(shi)于平原(yuan)、湖區、河網區排灌。
(3)起動前不(bu)需灌(guan)水,操(cao)作簡(jian)單。
(三(san))混流泵的工作原理及特(te)點
1、混流泵的工作原理
由于混流(liu)泵(beng)的葉(xie)輪(lun)形(xing)狀介于離心(xin)泵(beng)葉(xie)輪(lun)和軸流(liu)泵(beng)葉(xie)輪(lun)之間,因此,混流(liu)泵(beng)的工作原理既有(you)(you)離心(xin)力又有(you)(you)升力,靠(kao)兩(liang)者的綜合作用,水則(ze)以與(yu)軸組成(cheng)一定角度流(liu)出葉(xie)輪(lun),通過蝸(gua)殼室和管路把水提向高處。
2、混流蹦的一般(ban)特點
(1)混流泵(beng)(beng)與離心泵(beng)(beng)相比(bi),揚(yang)程(cheng)較(jiao)低,流量(liang)較(jiao)大,與軸流泵(beng)(beng)相比(bi),揚(yang)程(cheng)較(jiao)高(gao),流量(liang)較(jiao)低。適用于平(ping)原(yuan)、湖區(qu)排(pai)灌。
(2)水沿混(hun)流(liu)泵的流(liu)經方(fang)向與葉輪(lun)軸(zhou)成一定角(jiao)度而吸入和流(liu)出(chu)的,故又(you)稱(cheng)斜流(liu)泵。
三、常用的農用泵(beng)
(一(yi))離心泵(beng)
離(li)(li)心(xin)泵型號、品(pin)種(zhong)規格及其(qi)變(bian)型產品(pin)在農用(yong)泵中是最多的。根據水流入葉(xie)輪的方式、葉(xie)輪多少(shao)、泵本身(shen)能否自吸(xi)以及配套動力大小(xiao)和(he)(he)動力品(pin)種(zhong)等(deng),離(li)(li)心(xin)泵有單(dan)(dan)級單(dan)(dan)吸(xi)離(li)(li)心(xin)泵、單(dan)(dan)級雙吸(xi)離(li)(li)心(xin)泵、多級離(li)(li)心(xin)泵、自吸(xi)離(li)(li)心(xin)泵、電動機泵和(he)(he)柴油機泵等(deng)。
1、單(dan)級單(dan)級離心(xin)泵
老的泵型(xing)號有BA、B型(xing)單級單吸(xi)離(li)心(xin)泵,80年(nian)代,我國根據國際標準(zhun)(zhun)和排灌(guan)機(ji)械實際情況,對離(li)心(xin)泵產(chan)品(pin)進行更新換代研制工作(zuo),并生產(chan)IB型(xing)、IQ型(xing)單級離(li)心(xin)泵系列(lie)產(chan)品(pin),已列(lie)為國家專業標準(zhun)(zhun)和行業標準(zhun)(zhun)。
單(dan)級(ji)單(dan)吸離(li)心泵(beng),水由軸向單(dan)面進入(ru)葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun),葉(xie)輪(lun)(lun)只有一個,因此稱為單(dan)級(ji)單(dan)吸離(li)心泵(beng)。其特點是,與混流泵(beng)、軸流泵(beng)相比,揚程較(jiao)高,流量較(jiao)小,結(jie)構簡單(dan),使用方(fang)便。
IQ型(xing)單級單吸(xi)離心泵(又稱輕(qing)小型(xing)離心泵)是針對我國國情并滿足(zu)用戶提出(chu)結(jie)構(gou)簡單、重量輕(qing)、價格低、性能好和(he)配套方便的(de)要(yao)求而(er)設計(ji)的(de),共有(you)84種(zhong)產品,分3個(ge)派生系(xi)列,413個(ge)規格型(xing)號。
(1)性能范圍 泵口徑50~200毫米(mi),流量12.5~400立(li)方米(mi)/時,揚程(cheng)8~125米(mi),配(pei)套動(dong)力有柴油(you)機直(zhi)聯、皮(pi)帶傳動(dong),電(dian)動(dong)機直(zhi)聯,功率1.1~110千瓦,轉(zhuan)速1450~2900轉(zhuan)/分。
(2)結構型(xing)式 輕小型(xing)離心泵(beng)(beng)(beng)為軸(zhou)向(xiang)吸(xi)入(ru)單級單吸(xi)懸架式離心泵(beng)(beng)(beng),泵(beng)(beng)(beng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)后開門,出口(kou)位于中心向(xiang)上,后蓋為壓嵌式,軸(zhou)承(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)直(zhi)接(jie)聯結,泵(beng)(beng)(beng)腳位于泵(beng)(beng)(beng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)下方,軸(zhou)承(cheng)用黃油潤滑,軸(zhou)封分為軟填料、機(ji)械密封、橡(xiang)膠油封三種(zhong)。葉(xie)輪(lun)均(jun)為閉(bi)式,傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)分為聯軸(zhou)器(qi)傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)和皮帶傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)兩種(zhong)。泵(beng)(beng)(beng)葉(xie)輪(lun)轉向(xiang):從泵(beng)(beng)(beng)進口(kou)方向(xiang)看,葉(xie)輪(lun)轉向(xiang)為順時(shi)針,當泵(beng)(beng)(beng)與(yu)柴油機(ji)直(zhi)聯傳(chuan)動(dong)(dong)時(shi),為逆時(shi)針。泵(beng)(beng)(beng)出口(kou)可(ke)裝置手動(dong)(dong)泵(beng)(beng)(beng),可(ke)去(qu)掉底閥,減(jian)少水力(li)損失,并(bing)能(neng)使泵(beng)(beng)(beng)自吸(xi)。
2、單(dan)級雙吸離心泵
它是從(cong)葉輪兩面進(jin)水(shui)的單級雙吸離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng),因(yin)泵(beng)(beng)蓋(gai)和泵(beng)(beng)體(ti)是采用(yong)(yong)水(shui)平接(jie)縫進(jin)行裝配(pei)的,又稱為水(shui)平中開(kai)式離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)。與(yu)單級單吸離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)相比(bi),效率高(gao)、流量(liang)大(da)、揚(yang)程較(jiao)高(gao)。但體(ti)積大(da),比(bi)較(jiao)笨重,一般用(yong)(yong)于固定作業。適用(yong)(yong)于丘陵、高(gao)原中等面積的灌區,也適用(yong)(yong)于工廠、礦山、城市給(gei)排水(shui)等方面。
單級雙吸離心泵有S型(xing)(xing)(xing)、Sh型(xing)(xing)(xing)、SA型(xing)(xing)(xing)、SLA型(xing)(xing)(xing)幾種型(xing)(xing)(xing)號,S型(xing)(xing)(xing)與Sh型(xing)(xing)(xing)的區別(bie)是,從驅動端(duan)看,S型(xing)(xing)(xing)泵為(wei)順時針(zhen)方向(xiang)(xiang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan),Sh型(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)逆時針(zhen)方向(xiang)(xiang)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。SLA型(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)立式(shi)單級雙吸離心泵。
S型泵性能范圍(wei)流量160~18000立方米/時,揚程(cheng)12~125米,進水口直徑150~1400毫米,轉速(su)2950、1450、970、730、585、485、360轉/分。
3、多級離心(xin)泵
多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)與單級(ji)(ji)泵(beng)相比,其區別(bie)在(zai)于(yu)多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)泵(beng)有兩個以上的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)輪,能分段地多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)次(ci)地吸水(shui)和壓水(shui),從而(er)將水(shui)揚到很(hen)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)位置,揚程可根據需要而(er)增減水(shui)泵(beng)葉(xie)(xie)輪的(de)(de)級(ji)(ji)數。多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)泵(beng)主(zhu)要用于(yu)礦山(shan)排水(shui)、城(cheng)市及工廠供水(shui),農業(ye)灌溉用的(de)(de)很(hen)少,僅適用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)揚程、小流量(liang)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)區提(ti)水(shui)來解決人畜飲水(shui)的(de)(de)困難(nan)。多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)高(gao)(gao)心泵(beng)有立式和臥(wo)式兩種型(xing)式,主(zhu)要型(xing)號(hao)有D型(xing)、DL型(xing)多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)離心泵(beng),DW、DWL型(xing)小型(xing)多(duo)(duo)級(ji)(ji)離心泵(beng)。
(1)D型泵(beng)性能范圍 流(liu)量(liang)6.3~720立方米/時,揚程16~600米,進水口徑:50、75、100、125、150、200毫米,其(qi)中50~125毫米泵(beng)型為(wei)高轉速2950轉/分,150~200毫米泵(beng)型轉速為(wei)1480轉/分。
(2)結(jie)構型式 D型多級離(li)心泵(beng)為臥(wo)式多級(2~12級),葉(xie)(xie)輪(lun)為單吸(xi)(xi),泵(beng)體為分段式。當首級葉(xie)(xie)輪(lun)為雙(shuang)吸(xi)(xi)時,用(yong)DS表(biao)(biao)示(shi),當同時規定(ding)有兩(liang)種轉速(su)時,低速(su)用(yong)DA表(biao)(biao)示(shi),用(yong)于鍋爐(lu)給水(shui)的多級離(li)心泵(beng),用(yong)DG表(biao)(biao)示(shi)。
4、自吸(xi)離心泵
自(zi)吸(xi)(xi)泵(beng)(beng)是靠泵(beng)(beng)自(zi)身的(de)特殊(shu)結構而產生(sheng)自(zi)吸(xi)(xi)作用的(de)單級單吸(xi)(xi)離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng),稱(cheng)為(wei)自(zi)吸(xi)(xi)離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)。和普通離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)相比,在(zai)(zai)泵(beng)(beng)體結構上有顯著差別:一是泵(beng)(beng)進(jin)口(kou)位置提高,有時還裝上吸(xi)(xi)入閥(fa);二是在(zai)(zai)出水側設(she)置了一個氣水分離(li)室。
泵(beng)(beng)(beng)外自吸泵(beng)(beng)(beng),是在(zai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)外加有(you)自吸裝置,如帶有(you)旋渦泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、水環真空泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、射流泵(beng)(beng)(beng)以及(ji)手(shou)動泵(beng)(beng)(beng)等。
自吸泵(beng)與(yu)普通離心泵(beng)相比(bi),具有結構緊湊、使用操(cao)作簡單,不但省(sheng)去了起動(dong)前灌(guan)大量引水的(de)麻煩(fan),也省(sheng)去了進水管低閥(fa),減少了進水阻(zu)力,增加(jia)泵(beng)的(de)出水量,但與(yu)同規格的(de)普通離心泵(beng)的(de)效率相比(bi)要(yao)低3%~5%。自吸泵(beng)較多的(de)是應用在輕小(xiao)型(xing)噴灌(guan)機組(zu)和(he)管道灌(guan)機組(zu)上。
自吸離心泵品種規格較(jiao)多,有ZX型、TC型、BPZ型和ZB型等。
(1)ZB型性能范圍(wei) 流量(liang)2~200米3/時,揚程8~100米,配套(tao)功率0.25~45千瓦。
(2)結(jie)構型(xing)式(shi)(shi)特(te)點(dian) 按泵的配套動(dong)力機(ji)類(lei)型(xing)分為電動(dong)機(ji)配套自(zi)吸(xi)泵和柴油機(ji)配套自(zi)吸(xi)泵。按實現自(zi)吸(xi)功(gong)能的結(jie)構與(yu)工作(zuo)特(te)點(dian)可(ke)分為內滑式(shi)(shi)、外滑式(shi)(shi)、水(shui)環(huan)輪(lun)式(shi)(shi)和其他型(xing)式(shi)(shi)。傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)有直聯傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(包括(kuo)內軸)和皮帶傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)。進口(kou)直徑(jing)25~200毫米(mi),共10個口(kou)徑(jing),54個規格。
5、管道輸水灌(guan)溉機(ji)組
由動力機(ji)、農用泵、管(guan)路等組(zu)(zu)(zu)成的可移動輸水(shui)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)稱為(wei)輕小型(xing)(xing)管(guan)道(dao)輸水(shui)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(簡(jian)成為(wei)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉機(ji))。它是近年來灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉方法上新興的一(yi)種灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉機(ji)械,有G型(xing)(xing)輕小型(xing)(xing)管(guan)道(dao)輸水(shui)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)CB型(xing)(xing)輕小型(xing)(xing)柴油機(ji)-泵直聯機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。
(1)G型管道輸(shu)水(shui)灌溉機(ji)(ji)組 動(dong)力:柴油機(ji)(ji)、電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(2.2~11.03千瓦);移動(dong)方式:手抬式、手推(tui)車式、拖拉機(ji)(ji)拖動(dong)式;配套(tao)(tao)管道:主管道內徑65~125毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),總(zong)長度(du)100~250米(mi)(mi)(mi)。配套(tao)(tao)水(shui)彭:流量20~100米(mi)(mi)(mi)3/時,揚程19~31米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
(2)CB型柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)-泵(beng)直(zhi)聯機(ji)(ji)組(zu) 該機(ji)(ji)組(zu)主(zhu)要由柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)和泵(beng)組(zu)成,按配套泵(beng)類型分(fen)為自吸(xi)式機(ji)(ji)組(zu)和非自吸(xi)式機(ji)(ji)組(zu);按機(ji)(ji)組(zu)移動(dong)方(fang)式分(fen)為手(shou)抬式機(ji)(ji)組(zu)和手(shou)推式機(ji)(ji)組(zu)。泵(beng)與柴(chai)油機(ji)(ji)安裝在同(tong)一機(ji)(ji)架上,動(dong)力傳動(dong)方(fang)式為直(zhi)聯傳動(dong)或同(tong)軸(zhou)。泵(beng)的(de)葉輪旋轉(zhuan)方(fang)向,從(cong)泵(beng)的(de)進口看為逆時針旋轉(zhuan)。
其(qi)性能范(fan)圍如(ru)下(xia):流量8~170米3/時,揚程(cheng)7~60米,配(pei)套功(gong)率(柴油機)2.21~11.03千瓦。
生產離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、自(zi)吸泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的主要工廠(chang)有:(離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、自(zi)吸離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、多級離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、山東省(sheng)威海水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、多級離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、江(jiang)(jiang)蘇省(sheng)鎮江(jiang)(jiang)噴灌機廠(chang)(自(zi)吸泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、江(jiang)(jiang)蘇省(sheng)泰州噴灌機廠(chang)(自(zi)吸泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、浙江(jiang)(jiang)省(sheng)錢江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(自(zi)吸泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)、雙吸離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、江(jiang)(jiang)西省(sheng)高(gao)安縣水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(離(li)心(xin)(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))、廣州市第一(yi)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(離(li)心(xin)(xin)清水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng))等。
(二)混流泵
混(hun)流泵有我市混(hun)流泵、立式(shi)混(hun)流泵和(he)導葉式(shi)混(hun)流泵等產(chan)品(pin)。農(nong)用上常用的是臥式(shi)混(hun)流泵。
臥式混(hun)流泵(beng)為單(dan)級、單(dan)吸懸臂式窩殼泵(beng),具有結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan)、使用可靠、安裝維(wei)修(xiu)方便(bian)、效(xiao)益高(gao)、體積(ji)小、重量輕等特點。適用于(yu)輸送溫度(du)不(bu)超(chao)過50°C的(de)清(qing)水(shui)或其(qi)他類似介(jie)質(zhi),主要(yao)用于(yu)農田排灌、工(gong)業和城市(shi)給排水(shui)等。其(qi)產品有HB型(xing)和HW型(xing)兩個系列(lie)產品,HW型(xing)是在HB型(xing)基礎上研制的(de)節能型(xing)產品。
(1)HW型(xing)(xing)性(xing)能(neng)范圍 流量90~3600米(mi)3/時,揚(yang)程(cheng)3~12.5米(mi),轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)有580、730、970、1450和2900轉(zhuan)/分多(duo)種,配(pei)套動(dong)(dong)力(li)可(ke)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji),也可(ke)用(yong)柴油機(ji)直聯或(huo)皮帶傳動(dong)(dong)。泵(beng)可(ke)以通(tong)過轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)的調整(zheng)來(lai)滿足(zu)使用(yong)要(yao)求,調速(su)(su)范圍為其規(gui)定(ding)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)的±20%。進水(shui)口徑100~700毫米(mi),共10個(ge)型(xing)(xing)號、33個(ge)規(gui)格。
(2)結構特點 混流泵(beng)由泵(beng)體(ti)(ti)、泵(beng)蓋、葉(xie)輪、泵(beng)軸(zhou)和軸(zhou)承(cheng)體(ti)(ti)等構成。泵(beng)蓋端(duan)面(mian)與葉(xie)輪之間應(ying)留有規定的軸(zhou)向(xiang)端(duan)面(mian)間隙(xi),并(bing)可用增減紙墊的方法進(jin)行調整。密封裝置由填(tian)(tian)料環(huan)、填(tian)(tian)料壓蓋和鉛粉(或油(you)浸)石(shi)棉盤根(gen)組(zu)成,它的作用是防止(zhi)起動(dong)時空氣進(jin)入泵(beng)內及運行介(jie)質大(da)量(liang)滲出(chu)。軸(zhou)套代替運轉(zhuan)的軸(zhou)與填(tian)(tian)料直接(jie)摩擦。若(ruo)軸(zhou)套磨損(sun)過多(duo)時應(ying)及時更換(huan)。軸(zhou)承(cheng)內應(ying)有適(shi)量(liang)的油(you)脂,軸(zhou)承(cheng)上的防水(shui)圈(quan)可防止(zhi)水(shui)進(jin)入軸(zhou)承(cheng)體(ti)(ti)內。
生產混(hun)流泵(beng)的(de)主要工廠有;無錫(xi)水(shui)泵(beng)廠、山(shan)東博興(xing)水(shui)泵(beng)廠、泰安(an)水(shui)泵(beng)廠、安(an)徽巢湖水(shui)泵(beng)廠等。
(三)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵
軸(zhou)(zhou)流(liu)(liu)泵為(wei)單級(ji)葉輪(lun),水(shui)(shui)沿泵軸(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)線流(liu)(liu)動。葉輪(lun)象螺(luo)旋槳(jiang),故(gu)又(you)成螺(luo)槳(jiang)式(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)泵。軸(zhou)(zhou)流(liu)(liu)泵安裝可(ke)(ke)分為(wei):立式(shi)(shi)、斜(xie)式(shi)(shi)、臥式(shi)(shi)三種(zhong)(zhong)。葉輪(lun)葉片有固定、半調(diao)節和(he)全調(diao)節三種(zhong)(zhong)型式(shi)(shi),改變葉片的(de)(de)安裝角可(ke)(ke)調(diao)節水(shui)(shui)泵的(de)(de)出水(shui)(shui)量和(he)揚程。工作時,葉輪(lun)須(xu)浸在水(shui)(shui)中進(jin)行,輸送液(ye)體溫(wen)度不超過50°。起(qi)動時無須(xu)加水(shui)(shui),不可(ke)(ke)關閘起(qi)動。軸(zhou)(zhou)流(liu)(liu)泵分為(wei)小型、大(da)型、特(te)大(da)型軸(zhou)(zhou)流(liu)(liu)泵幾種(zhong)(zhong)。
1、中小型軸(zhou)流泵
中(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)農田(tian)排(pai)灌,也可作(zuo)為(wei)城市排(pai)水(shui)、熱電站輸送循環水(shui)、船(chuan)塢升降水(shui)位或其它水(shui)利工程等方(fang)面。其產品有ZLB型(xing)(xing)(xing)、ZLD型(xing)(xing)(xing)、ZXB型(xing)(xing)(xing)、ZWB型(xing)(xing)(xing)等多種,葉輪直徑不大(da)于(yu)1米(mi)的(de)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵稱為(wei)中(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵。
(1)性能范圍 流量50~3740升/秒,揚程(cheng)1.02~13.8米。
(2)結(jie)構特點 軸流(liu)泵主要有導(dao)葉(xie)體、葉(xie)輪外殼、葉(xie)片泵軸等部件(jian)組成(cheng)。導(dao)葉(xie)體、葉(xie)輪外殼、葉(xie)片用鑄鐵(tie)或(huo)鑄鋼(gang)制(zhi)成(cheng),泵軸由碳素鋼(gang)制(zhi)成(cheng)。如輸送有腐蝕性的介質(zhi)(zhi),上(shang)述零件(jian)可換用銅或(huo)不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)等材質(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)造,以滿足用戶之需(xu)。
軸流泵的配套動力根據(ju)泵型之不同(tong),可(ke)選用相應的立式或臥室電機采用直(zhi)聯或與皮帶轉動等傳送型式。
2、大型(xing)、特大型(xing)軸(zhou)流泵
大型軸(zhou)流(liu)泵指葉(xie)輪(lun)直徑大于(yu)1米(mi),小于(yu)1.6米(mi)的(de)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵。有ZLQ型、ZLB型、GWB型、ZGQ型等多(duo)種立式(shi)(shi)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵、貫(guan)流(liu)式(shi)(shi)軸(zhou)流(liu)泵。
特大(da)型軸流(liu)泵(beng)是(shi)葉輪直徑(jing)1.6以上,葉片可(ke)全調節(jie)或半調節(jie)的(de)(de)立(li)式、臥式、斜式軸流(liu)泵(beng)。主要用于大(da)面積農(nong)田排灌和跨流(liu)域調水(shui),特別是(shi)低洼地區(qu)和湖(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)排水(shui)。機組運(yun)行(xing)期(qi)間,可(ke)根據(ju)需要用液壓或機械系統調節(jie)葉片角度,充分發揮水(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)效能(neng),使其在泵(beng)的(de)(de)高效區(qu)運(yun)行(xing)。其性能(neng)范圍如(ru)下:流(liu)量5~60米(mi)3/時,揚程1.3~9米(mi),功率300~6000千瓦。
生(sheng)產軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)主要工廠(chang)(chang)有;無錫水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(chang)(軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng)、特大型軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng))、高郵(you)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(chang)(軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng))、上海水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(chang)(軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng)、特大型軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng))、武漢水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)廠(chang)(chang)(軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng)、特大型軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)(beng))等。
(四)長(chang)軸深(shen)井泵
長(chang)軸(zhou)深井(jing)泵是一種單吸多級(ji)立式長(chang)軸(zhou)離(li)心泵,可供城市工礦企業給排水及農田灌溉從深井(jing)中提水之用。
長軸(zhou)深(shen)井泵的動(dong)(dong)力(通常(chang)為立式三(san)相電(dian)機(ji))位于地(di)(di)面,通過(guo)長軸(zhou)驅動(dong)(dong)水泵,故(gu)使用可靠、維修也(ye)比較方便(bian)。在無(wu)電(dian)地(di)(di)區(qu),也(ye)可采用柴油機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(需在泵軸(zhou)上加裝皮帶輪或(huo)通過(guo)齒輪箱(xiang)傳動(dong)(dong))。
長軸深井泵有JC型(xing)、JC/Q型(xing)(淺井用)、JC/S、JC/K型(xing)等系列(lie)產品。下面重點(dian)介紹JC型(xing)長軸深井離(li)心泵。
(1)使用條件 水泵第一級葉(xie)輪必須在動水位以下1~3米,一般以2~3米為宜;井(jing)水應(ying)不(bu)含(han)油類,含(han)砂量不(bu)大于0.01%,水質中性,不(bu)含(han)過量的(de)腐蝕性礦物質;深(shen)井(jing)井(jing)壁應(ying)正、直。
(2)性(xing)能范(fan)圍 流量5~1500米3/時,揚程20~235米,適用(yong)井徑100~750毫米,葉輪(lun)為閉式葉輪(lun)。
JC/K型長軸深(shen)井泵葉輪(lun)為(wei)半開式葉輪(lun)。
(3)結構特(te)點 水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)與間(jian)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)兩種型式(shi)。直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)是采(cai)用TLB2系列深井(jing)(jing)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)用立式(shi)三相異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)聯接(jie)(jie);間(jian)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)是通(tong)過(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)(皮(pi)帶輪、齒輪箱)將泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)與動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(柴油機)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)連結。水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)機組有(you)帶有(you)濾(lv)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管的(de)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)體部分(fen)(fen)(fen)、裝有(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)的(de)揚水(shui)(shui)(shui)管部分(fen)(fen)(fen)、泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)與電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機或間(jian)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)三部分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)。前兩部分(fen)(fen)(fen)位(wei)于(yu)井(jing)(jing)下,后一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)位(wei)于(yu)井(jing)(jing)上(shang)(shang)。泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)體部分(fen)(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要包括濾(lv)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管、葉輪、進水(shui)(shui)(shui)節、導流殼、上(shang)(shang)導流殼、葉輪軸(zhou)、錐形套、橡膠軸(zhou)承等零部件。揚水(shui)(shui)(shui)管部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括揚水(shui)(shui)(shui)管、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)軸(zhou)、軸(zhou)承、軸(zhou)承支架、聯管器及(ji)聯軸(zhou)器等。泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)、進水(shui)(shui)(shui)法蘭、填(tian)料壓蓋和填(tian)料襯套等,并用四個地(di)腳螺栓槳泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)固定與水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)基礎上(shang)(shang)。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機或間(jian)接(jie)(jie)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)安裝在泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)由泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)座(zuo)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)彎管輸出(chu)。生產長軸(zhou)深井(jing)(jing)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)主(zhu)要工廠(chang)有(you):上(shang)(shang)海(hai)深井(jing)(jing)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)、濟(ji)南水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)、成(cheng)都水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠(chang)、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)深井(jing)(jing)機械廠(chang)、南京(jing)古爾茲(zi)制泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)有(you)限(xian)公司(si)等。
(五)井用潛水電(dian)泵
井用潛水(shui)電(dian)泵是(shi)將水(shui)泵和電(dian)機(ji)做成(cheng)一(yi)體(ti)一(yi)同置于井水(shui)中,在地面通(tong)過電(dian)纜使電(dian)機(ji)與電(dian)源接通(tong),驅(qu)動水(shui)泵葉輪旋轉。它結構簡單、體(ti)積小、重量輕、安裝(zhuang)維修(xiu)方便、運行安全可靠、性能良好(hao),是(shi)一(yi)種效益高(gao)、投資少的新型揚水(shui)機(ji)具,可廣(guang)泛用于工礦企(qi)業給(gei)排水(shui)、城(cheng)市供水(shui)、農田灌溉和缺水(shui)地區人畜飲水(shui)等。
井用潛水(shui)電泵目前(qian)有(you)QJ系列(lie)(lie)、QJ(R)系列(lie)(lie)(引進(jin)國外(wai)技術)、QFB型壓力(li)充油(you)式系列(lie)(lie)、QJC系列(lie)(lie)及RS系列(lie)(lie)產品。
(1)QJ型性能(neng)范(fan)圍 流量2~500米(mi)(mi)3/時,揚程14 ~336米(mi)(mi),配套功率0.55~160千(qian)瓦,適用井(jing)徑100~400毫米(mi)(mi),共(gong)8種,有83個(ge)YQS型潛水異步電(dian)動(dong)機的規(gui)格(ge),組(zu)成QJ型潛水電(dian)泵(beng)系列共(gong)338個(ge)系列型號。
(2)使用(yong)條件 電源(yuan)(yuan)為50赫(he)茲、380伏的三相交流電源(yuan)(yuan);水(shui)溫(wen)不超(chao)過(guo)(guo)20°C;井水(shui)含砂量(liang)9重量(liang)比)不超(chao)過(guo)(guo)0.01%;井水(shui)酸堿PH值為6.5~8.5;電機和(he)泵應全(quan)部浸(jin)入水(shui)中運行。
(3)結構特點 水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)位于(yu)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)上(shang)端,為離心式(shi)或混流(liu)式(shi),采用(yong)水(shui)潤(run)滑(hua)軸承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),與電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸用(yong)聯(lian)軸器剛性聯(lian)接。上(shang)端設有逆止(zhi)閥體,以放(fang)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)停機(ji)(ji)(ji)時倒(dao)流(liu)引起(qi)的超速反轉。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)位于(yu)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)(beng)下端,為密封式(shi)充(chong)水(shui)濕(shi)式(shi)結構。定子(zi)繞組采用(yong)耐水(shui)的聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣的尼龍護套多層結構電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)導軸承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)幾推(tui)力軸承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為水(shui)潤(run)滑(hua)軸承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)充(chong)滿清水(shui),用(yong)以冷卻機(ji)(ji)(ji)體和軸承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),并(bing)裝有橡膠調(diao)壓摸以調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)溫升引起(qi)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)體內(nei)(nei)部(bu)清水(shui)的脹縮壓差。在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的上(shang)端裝有防砂(sha)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構,防止(zhi)砂(sha)泥進入電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)。
生產井用潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)主要(yao)工廠有:沈陽潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠、上海威(wei)滬泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)業、鄭(zheng)州神龍(long)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)業、吉林水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠 石家(jia)莊潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠、博(bo)潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠、解州潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)廠等。
(六)小型潛水電泵
小型潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵是一種機泵一體化的泵型。具有體積小、重量輕、安(an)裝(zhuang)使用方便、運行安(an)全可靠,用途很廣(guang)泛(又稱作業面(mian)(mian)潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵),使用于從(cong)機井、淺井、河流(liu)湖泊、水(shui)(shui)庫及(ji)水(shui)(shui)渠中提水(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai),也可用于工廠、礦山給排(pai)水(shui)(shui)和(he)農村人畜飲水(shui)(shui)等方面(mian)(mian)。
該(gai)泵(beng)可是用三相和單相交流電源,水泵(beng)有離心泵(beng)、混流泵(beng)、軸流泵(beng),以及螺桿泵(beng)、雙流道泵(beng)、旋(xuan)流泵(beng)等,根據電機(ji)結構及泵(beng)的配(pei)置(zhi)方式不同(tong),可分為單相趕式下泵(beng)型(xing)(QDX型(xing))、干式下泵(beng)型(xing)(QX型(xing))、干式上泵(beng)型(xing)(Q型(xing))、充油(you)上泵(beng)型(xing)(QY型(xing))、充水上泵(beng)型(xing)(QS型(xing))等。
1、單相潛水(shui)電(dian)泵
單相潛水電泵分為QDX干式下泵型和QDS濕式下泵型兩種(zhong),具有結構(gou)簡單、體積小、重量輕、移動(dong)方(fang)便(bian)等優點。QDX型泵裝(zhuang)有自動(dong)保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置(zhi),能確保(bao)電機安全運行。
(1)使用(yong)條件(jian) 電(dian)泵潛入(ru)水(shui)下深度為(wei)0.5~5米;水(shui)溫不超過40°C;水(shui)中所含固體雜質的體積不超過0.1%,PH值(zhi)6.5~8;電(dian)源為(wei)50赫茲、220伏單相(xiang)交流電(dian)源。
(2)使用范圍(wei) 流量3~25米3/時;揚程(cheng)3~30米;電動功(gong)率(lv)0.18~0.75千(qian)瓦。
(3)結構(gou)特(te)點 QDX型單(dan)相潛水電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)有電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水泵(beng)、密封三部分組成。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)位于水泵(beng)上端(duan),干式結構(gou)。內(nei)裝(zhuang)熱(re)保護(hu)開關,當電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過載或溫升過高(gao)時能自動(dong)切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)源,以避(bi)免電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)損(sun)壞(QDS型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)濕式結構(gou))。水泵(beng)位于電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)下方(fang),葉(xie)輪為(wei)半(ban)開式或閉式。葉(xie)輪及泵(beng)體(ti)材料(liao)為(wei)鑄鐵(tie)或鋁合金。采(cai)用單(dan)端(duan)面或雙端(duan)面機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械密封,其(qi)主要作用是防止(zhi)水進入電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)部。
2、充油上泵型(xing)潛水電泵
QY型潛水電泵廣泛使用于農業灌溉、排澇和塔供(gong)水等(deng)場(chang)合。他最顯著的優(you)點是在嚴重(zhong)失(shi)壓或過載、特(te)別是在二相電壓下電機不(bu)易(yi)被燒毀(hui)。
(1)使用(yong)條件 潛(qian)水電(dian)泵應完全潛(qian)入水中運行,深(shen)度不(bu)小于0.5米;環境溫度不(bu)超過(guo)40°C;工作介質(zhi)為(wei)無腐蝕(shi)性的清水,含砂量不(bu)大(da)于0.024%PH值5~9;電(dian)源為(wei)50赫茲、380伏三相交流電(dian)源。
(2)使用范圍 流量8~180米(mi)3/時(shi);揚程3~50米(mi);功率2.2~3千(qian)瓦。
(3)結(jie)構特點 QY型潛(qian)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機、水泵和(he)(he)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)三部分(fen)組成。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機位(wei)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵下端,為三相鼠籠型立式(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)定、轉子及所(suo)有空(kong)隙中都(dou)充滿5號機械油,便于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機繞組散熱(re)。從而,克服了(le)因(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓潑動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)過大和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜過長、接頭過多(duo)引起的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓嚴重降低、導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機過熱(re)乃至燒(shao)毀的(de)現(xian)象。同時也解(jie)決了(le)軸承的(de)潤滑及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機內(nei)部防腐蝕的(de)問題。為使油和(he)(he)不耐油的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜線(xian)隔(ge)絕,在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機出(chu)線(xian)和(he)(he)蓋(gai)的(de)接頭處(chu)加(jia)以(yi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)。水泵有離心式(shi)、混流式(shi)及軸流式(shi)三種,位(wei)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵上端。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)分(fen)靜密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)和(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng),靜密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)是在潛(qian)水泵各零件(主(zhu)要是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機部分(fen))的(de)止口配合處(chu)一般用(yong)“O”形橡膠密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)環進行密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)。動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)出(chu)軸帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)水泵葉輪轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)部分(fen)裝有整(zheng)體式(shi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng)盒(he)(雙端面軸機械密(mi)(mi)(mi)封(feng))。
3、充水上泵型潛(qian)水電泵
QS型潛水(shui)電(dian)泵(beng)電(dian)動機(ji)為(wei)濕式三相異步電(dian)動機(ji),與(yu)水(shui)泵(beng)一起潛入水(shui)中工作。維修方便,運轉可靠。用于農田排(pai)灌(guan)、淺井提水(shui)、噴灌(guan)、工礦排(pai)水(shui)及生(sheng)活飲水(shui)等。
(1)使用條件 電泵應完全潛入(ru)水中運行,潛入(ru)深度不(bu)小于(yu)0.5米;水溫不(bu)高于(yu)20°C;工作介質為無腐蝕性的(de)清水,含砂量不(bu)大于(yu)0.024%,PH值6.5~7.5。
(2)適用范圍 流量(liang)10~250米3/時(shi);揚程(cheng)5~65米;電(dian)動機(ji)功率3~7.5千瓦。
(3)結構特點(dian) QS型潛水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、水泵、揚水管和(he)起動(dong)(dong)保(bao)護器等組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)位于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泵下(xia)端,為(wei)密(mi)(mi)封充水濕式結構。定子繞組(zu)用耐水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁線制成(cheng)(cheng)。采用水潤滑軸承(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)上部(bu)裝有(you)(you)骨架油封和(he)防砂(sha)環(huan)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的防砂(sha)機(ji)構,防砂(sha)性較好。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)上下(xia)兩(liang)端各有(you)(you)一軸承(cheng)室,裝有(you)(you)滾(gun)動(dong)(dong)軸承(cheng)和(he)機(ji)械密(mi)(mi)封裝置。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)外殼設有(you)(you)兩(liang)排(pai)進出水孔,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)工(gong)作時內部(bu)充滿清水,確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)正(zheng)常運行。水泵有(you)(you)葉輪、泵殼、進水段組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),有(you)(you)離心(xin)式、混流式、軸流式三種(zhong)。原材(cai)料均為(wei)鑄鐵。水泵位于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)外伸軸上端。
4、干式下(xia)泵型潛水電泵
QX型(xing)干式(shi)下(xia)泵型(xing)潛水電(dian)泵設計(ji)新穎,外型(xing)美觀,密封可靠。電(dian)動機內裝有熱保(bao)護開(kai)關和(he)電(dian)子(zi)自動保(bao)護器。水泵位于(yu)整(zheng)機下(xia)端,故可將(jiang)積水吸干。廣泛應用于(yu)灌(guan)溉和(he)工礦(kuang)企(qi)業、建筑(zhu)工地(di)的(de)地(di)下(xia)水道排水作業等。
(1)使用條(tiao)件 電(dian)泵潛入水(shui)(shui)下深度(du)為0.5~5米(mi);水(shui)(shui)溫和環境(jing)溫度(du)均不超(chao)過(guo)40°C;水(shui)(shui)所含固體雜質的體積比小于0.1%,PH值6.5~8;電(dian)源(yuan)為50赫茲、380伏三(san)相交流電(dian)。
(2)適用范圍 流量3~100米3/時;揚(yang)程6~55米;電動機功(gong)率0.55~7.5千瓦。
(3)結構特點 QX型電泵(beng)(beng)結構分為(wei)電動(dong)(dong)機、機械密(mi)封(feng)、水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)三部分。電動(dong)(dong)機位于(yu)電泵(beng)(beng)上(shang)端,干式(shi)結構,內(nei)裝熱保護器(qi)。為(wei)使(shi)電動(dong)(dong)機工作時(shi)散熱良(liang)好,應將其全部浸入水(shui)中。水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)位于(yu)電泵(beng)(beng)下端,葉輪有半開式(shi)、閉(bi)式(shi)離心型或混流型。采(cai)用(yong)單端面(mian)(mian)或雙端面(mian)(mian)機械密(mi)封(feng)。其內(nei)部充滿5號機油,用(yong)以(yi)動(dong)(dong)、靜塊間的潤滑。靜塊用(yong)陶瓷制成(cheng),動(dong)(dong)塊材(cai)質為(wei)不銹鋼,使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命較(jiao)長。
5、干式上泵(beng)型潛水電(dian)泵(beng)
Q型潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng)是由(you)干(gan)式三相(xiang)異步(bu)電動機(ji)和水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)同(tong)軸加機(ji)械密封、電器(qi)保護(hu)裝(zhuang)置組成(cheng)的潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)(beng),水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)部分置于電動機(ji)上方,具有機(ji)組效率高、價格便宜(yi)、使用方便等特點,適用農田(tian)排灌、淺井(jing)提水(shui)和其它排水(shui)作業(ye)。其性能(neng)范圍如下:流(liu)量6~250立方米/時,揚程3~40米,配套(tao)動力1.5~7.5千瓦(wa)。
6、污(wu)水污(wu)物(wu)型潛(qian)水電(dian)泵
該泵(beng)是輸(shu)送含(han)纖(xian)維、紙屑、糞便、泥漿及其它固態(tai)懸浮物等超(chao)一(yi)般清水(shui)含(han)義(yi)的(de)常溫(wen)介質(zhi)。適用于城市、礦(kuang)山輸(shu)送廢水(shui)、污(wu)水(shui)等,以及水(shui)利建筑工地排水(shui)等場合(he),也可以用在農(nong)業上的(de)污(wu)水(shui)排灌。具有(you)泵(beng)與電動機裝成整體結(jie)構(gou),潛(qian)入在介質(zhi)中工作的(de)特點。與其它潛(qian)水(shui)電泵(beng)相(xiang)比,主要(yao)區(qu)別在泵(beng)的(de)結(jie)構(gou)形式(shi)和材質(zhi)不同(tong)。污(wu)水(shui)泵(beng)多采(cai)用開式(shi)葉輪(lun)、單流道或雙流道葉輪(lun),污(wu)物泵(beng)采(cai)用旋流式(shi)葉輪(lun)。
(1)WQ型污物潛水電泵(beng)
1)使用條(tiao)件和(he)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)特點 該產(chan)品由(you)水泵和(he)干(gan)式三相異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)組成,下(xia)吸式結(jie)構(gou)(gou),可抽吸污物(wu)含量(liang)小于(yu)4%、不溶性固(gu)體顆(ke)粒直(zhi)徑小于(yu)9毫米的污水。采(cai)用了(le)優質密封磨塊,電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)內設(she)有熱(re)保護(hu)器,超載、過熱(re)時能自動(dong)停機(ji),使壽命較長。
2)性能范圍 流(liu)量2~50立(li)方米/時(shi);揚程5~20米,配套功率0.12~3千瓦。
(2)QWD型潛(qian)水式無堵塞泵
1)使用條件 介(jie)質溫(wen)度(du)不超(chao)過(guo)40℃,比重不超(chao)過(guo)1.24,pH值(zhi)6~9;介(jie)質顆粒及纖維(wei)長度(du)與出水(shui)口(kou)徑有關;電(dian)動機不得露出液(ye)面工作,但潛入最(zui)大深度(du)不超(chao)過(guo)5米(mi)。
2)性能范圍(wei) 流量18~200立方米(mi)(mi)/時,揚(yang)程10~35米(mi)(mi),配套功率2.2~37千瓦,出(chu)水(shui)口徑65~150毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),允(yun)許通過異(yi)物球(qiu)狀(zhuang)直徑65~150毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),纖維(wei)長度450~1000毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。
上述潛(qian)(qian)水電泵主(zhu)要生產廠(chang)有:上海人民電機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)、杭(hang)州(zhou)水泵總廠(chang)、漸(jian)江諸暨水泵廠(chang)、杭(hang)州(zhou)西湖潛(qian)(qian)水泵廠(chang)、平江潛(qian)(qian)水泵廠(chang)、蚌埠潛(qian)(qian)水電機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)、泰州(zhou)潛(qian)(qian)水電機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)、安慶潛(qian)(qian)水電機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)、湘南電機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)等。
(七)大型潛水電(dian)泵
大型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵(beng)(beng)是(shi)(shi)正在(zai)興起的(de)(de)、有發展前(qian)途(tu)的(de)(de)、機(ji)泵(beng)(beng)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化并潛(qian)入(ru)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)工作的(de)(de)提(ti)水(shui)(shui)機(ji)械。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)泵(beng)(beng)葉輪直(zhi)接裝在(zai)電(dian)動機(ji)的(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)伸端,機(ji)泵(beng)(beng)一(yi)體(ti)(ti),也(ye)稱(cheng)為同軸(zhou)(zhou)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵(beng)(beng)。其特(te)點是(shi)(shi):結構(gou)緊湊,安(an)裝方便,不需泵(beng)(beng)房,占(zhan)地面積小,可(ke)(ke)實現遠(yuan)距離(li)操(cao)作或自動控制,安(an)全可(ke)(ke)靠(kao),維修簡便,節省泵(beng)(beng)站建設投(tou)資,并能解決泵(beng)(beng)站的(de)(de)防洪(hong)等優點。可(ke)(ke)用于可(ke)(ke)田排灌(guan)和城(cheng)市(shi)礦(kuang)山的(de)(de)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)等方面。
該泵(beng)是(shi)一種新產品,在農(nong)業、工業都已開(kai)始使用,但時間(jian)不長,實踐(jian)經驗已證明,采用這種泵(beng)型(xing)可降低泵(beng)房(fang)水工建(jian)筑投資的40%~50%,雖然目前(qian)機(ji)電設備投資增(zeng)加30%~50%,整個工程(cheng)投資(包括機(ji)電設備)可節省(sheng)40%左右。
QSH、QSZ型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)水(shui)電泵:QSZ型(xing)(xing)軸流式潛(qian)水(shui)電泵及QSH型(xing)(xing)混流式潛(qian)水(shui)電泵主(zhu)要用于平原(yuan)地區,揚程3~8米,流量800~1400立方米/時,排(pai)灌面積在1000畝左右的中(zhong)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)機電排(pai)灌站上。
(1)使用條件 電源為頻率50赫茲、電壓380伏三(san)相交流(liu)電源;水溫不(bu)高(gao)于40°C;水的pH值應(ying)在5.5~8.5范圍內;電泵(beng)須完(wan)全潛入水中,淹(yan)沒深度不(bu)得少于0.8米(mi)。
(2)性能范圍(wei) 流量450~1250立(li)方米/時,揚程3~8米,配套(tao)功(gong)率11~30千瓦。
主要生產廠(chang)有江蘇省徐州水泵總廠(chang)。
(八)水輪泵
水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)泵是(shi)以水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)機轉輪(lun)和水(shui)(shui)泵葉輪(lun)為核心(xin)部(bu)件,兩者同(tong)軸或非同(tong)軸聯(lian)成一(yi)體潛(qian)沒在水(shui)(shui)中工作,轉輪(lun)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)泵的動(dong)(dong)(dong)力部(bu)件,在一(yi)定(ding)水(shui)(shui)頭作用下,它(ta)能(neng)將(jiang)水(shui)(shui)的勢能(neng)轉變為驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)泵葉輪(lun)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)的動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng),將(jiang)水(shui)(shui)由低處揚至高處。如果在水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)泵頂(ding)部(bu)接出輸出軸,則可驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)機發(fa)電(dian)或驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)其它(ta)機械如農副產品加工機械等。
水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪泵(beng)結構簡單,管理方便,是一種(zhong)(zhong)利(li)用自然水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)資(zi)源(yuan)為(wei)動(dong)力(li)(li)的(de)成本低(di)廉的(de)提水(shui)(shui)(shui)機械。水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪泵(beng)的(de)型(xing)式按水(shui)(shui)(shui)輪機和水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)主軸聯(lian)結方式可分為(wei)同軸和非同軸兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong);按轉輪類型(xing)有軸流型(xing)和混(hun)流型(xing)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong);按工作所(suo)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)分為(wei)低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)、中水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou)和高水(shui)(shui)(shui)頭(tou);按使(shi)用要求分為(wei)提水(shui)(shui)(shui)型(xing)和動(dong)力(li)(li)輸出型(xing)。
選用水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)泵應(ying)根(gen)據(ju)建站(zhan)地(di)(di)區(qu)的水(shui)(shui)文(wen)和(he)地(di)(di)質(zhi)資料(liao)確(que)定建站(zhan)地(di)(di)點、可能取用的水(shui)(shui)頭和(he)過水(shui)(shui)流量;由機械灌區(qu)的地(di)(di)理(li)(li)分(fen)布求出(chu)經濟(ji)合理(li)(li)的幾(ji)何揚程;根(gen)據(ju)作物種類和(he)土質(zhi)及其它水(shui)(shui)源情況定出(chu)灌區(qu)的需水(shui)(shui)量,再確(que)定合適的機型。
水輪(lun)(lun)(lun)泵(beng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要零件有(you)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)、主(zhu)軸、導水座、葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)、泵(beng)體(ti)、泵(beng)蓋(gai)(gai)、導軸承、滾動(dong)軸承等。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)四葉片定槳式,由(you)鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)制(zhi)成(cheng)。主(zhu)軸材(cai)料為(wei)(wei)優質(zhi)碳素鋼,其一(yi)端固定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun),另(ling)一(yi)端固定葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun),葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)由(you)鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)制(zhi)成(cheng)。導水管、泵(beng)體(ti)、泵(beng)蓋(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)材(cai)料均為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)。在(zai)靠近(jin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)橡膠(jiao)導軸承內(nei)表面(mian)有(you)浸潤的(de)(de)溝槽,導軸承直接安裝(zhuang)在(zai)泵(beng)體(ti)的(de)(de)軸承座內(nei),磨損后(hou)可以(yi)現場更換。裝(zhuang)在(zai)泵(beng)蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)的(de)(de)滾動(dong)軸承為(wei)(wei)兩個單列相(xiang)心(xin)球軸承。
生產水輪泵的主要工廠有福(fu)建尤溪水輪泵廠。
(九)手動泵
以人力為(wei)動(dong)力驅(qu)動(dong)的活塞泵(beng)(beng)、隔膜泵(beng)(beng)及螺桿泵(beng)(beng)等提水工具,統稱手(shou)動(dong)泵(beng)(beng)。手(shou)動(dong)泵(beng)(beng)分為(wei)淺井動(dong)泵(beng)(beng)和(he)深井手(shou)動(dong)泵(beng)(beng)。
淺(qian)井(jing)活塞泵的流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)0.34~4.214立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/時,適應(ying)吸程(cheng)2~7米(mi)(mi)。深井(jing)活塞泵的流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)0.056~0.601立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/時,揚程(cheng)15~40米(mi)(mi)。隔膜(mo)泵的流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)0.8~6.01立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/時,螺桿泵的流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)0.056~0.671立(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/時。
(十)水泵的易損(sun)件
1、泵(beng)殼一(yi)般都是鑄(zhu)鐵件,它受(shou)機械力或熱(re)應(ying)力的作用易出現裂紋。當(dang)泵(beng)在(zai)工作中(zhong)因受(shou)汽蝕作用的沖擊(ji)或在(zai)冬季(ji)沒有放掉泵(beng)殼內積水(shui)而受(shou)冰(bing)凍(dong)時也易破裂,如損壞(huai)較重不能(neng)修理時應(ying)更(geng)換(huan)新泵(beng)殼。
2、泵軸(zhou)一(yi)般為(wei)碳鋼件,但由于制造質量、使用或(huo)安裝等原因也易損(sun)壞。泵軸(zhou)可能(neng)出現(xian)裂(lie)紋、彎(wan)曲、軸(zhou)頸磨損(sun)、螺(luo)紋損(sun)壞等,也可能(neng)出現(xian)斷裂(lie)事故。如損(sun)壞嚴重不(bu)能(neng)修理時,應更(geng)換新軸(zhou)。
3、葉(xie)輪是(shi)水泵的重要工作部件(jian),為鑄(zhu)鐵制(zhi)成。由于制(zhi)造質量(liang)和使用(yong)等原因也易損壞。葉(xie)輪可能會出現(xian)裂紋,因汽(qi)蝕作用(yong)表(biao)面形成窩眼或穿(chuan)孔,長期被(bei)沖磨使葉(xie)片變薄或偏磨,甚至被(bei)雜物擊碎。有些缺(que)陷可以(yi)修(xiu)復;有些缺(que)陷不能修(xiu)復,即應(ying)更換新葉(xie)輪。
4、滑動軸承的(de)軸瓦(wa)是銅氏(shi)錫合金(jin)鑄(zhu)成的(de),耐磨(mo)性很差,是最易(yi)磨(mo)損和燒(shao)壞(huai)的(de)易(yi)損件(jian)(jian)之一,軸瓦(wa)一般都可(ke)以(yi)修復,也可(ke)更換(huan)(huan)新(xin)件(jian)(jian)。滾動軸承一般平(ping)均使用壽命為5000小時,但安裝不當,使用時間長(chang)或(huo)保養不良,也易(yi)磨(mo)損或(huo)毀壞(huai)。滾動軸承除(chu)其(qi)中的(de)個別零件(jian)(jian)可(ke)以(yi)調換(huan)(huan)新(xin)的(de)外,一般均要更換(huan)(huan)整體件(jian)(jian)。
5、口環(huan)(huan)也稱減漏或減磨環(huan)(huan),它是水(shui)泵中最容(rong)易磨損的零件之一。磨損后可(ke)以修(xiu)理也可(ke)以更換新的。當更換新減漏環(huan)(huan)時,其內(nei)(nei)徑(jing)應(ying)按(an)葉(xie)輪入口外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)來(lai)配置。如葉(xie)輪進水(shui)口外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)磨損,可(ke)進行車削加工,以消除溝(gou)痕和(he)橢圓,然后再(zai)配置內(nei)(nei)徑(jing)縮小的減漏環(huan)(huan),葉(xie)輪進水(shui)口外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)一般可(ke)車削三次(ci)。
6、填料用(yong)久后(hou)會變硬而失去(qu)彈(dan)性,會使水(shui)泵漏(lou)氣、漏(lou)水(shui),一(yi)般應更換新(xin)填料。
7、油封是橡膠制(zhi)品,易磨損和老化,一般都要更換新件。
五、水(shui)泵的(de)參數(shu)及性(xing)能
(1)水泵的主(zhu)要(yao)參數
水泵(beng)參數(shu)是(shi)指泵(beng)工作性能的主要技術數(shu)據,包括(kuo)流量、揚程、轉速、效率和比轉數(shu)等。
1、流(liu)量(liang)(Q)
泵(beng)的流量是指單位時(shi)間內所排出的液體的數(shu)量。通(tong)常泵(beng)的流量用體積計算,以Q表示,單位為米3/時(shi)(m3/h)、米3/秒(m3/s)、升/秒(1/s),也可(ke)用重量計,以G表示,單位為噸(dun)/時(shi)(t/h)、噸(dun)/秒(t/s)、千克/秒(kg/s)。
G與(yu)Q的關(guan)系:
G=r×Q r-液體(ti)重度(千(qian)克/米3)
因(yin)水的重量(liang)近似(si)1000千克(ke)/米3,故(gu)
1升/秒=3.6米3/時=3.6噸(dun)/時
2、揚程(H)
泵的(de)(de)(de)揚程是指單(dan)位(wei)重量的(de)(de)(de)液體通(tong)過泵所增加的(de)(de)(de)能量。以(yi)(yi)H表示(shi),實(shi)質上就是水泵能夠揚水的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度,又叫總揚程或全揚程。單(dan)位(wei)為米(mi)液柱(zhu)高(gao)度,習慣上省(sheng)去“液柱(zhu)”,以(yi)(yi)米(mi)(m)表示(shi)。
泵的總揚程(cheng)由吸水(shui)揚程(cheng)與出水(shui)揚程(cheng)兩部分組成(cheng),因此
總揚(yang)程=吸水(shui)揚(yang)程=出水(shui)揚(yang)程
但由于(yu)水(shui)(shui)流經過管(guan)路時受到各種阻力而減少了泵的(de)吸水(shui)(shui)揚程(cheng)和出水(shui)(shui)揚程(cheng),因(yin)此
吸水揚(yang)程=實(shi)際(ji)吸水揚(yang)程+吸水損失揚(yang)程
出(chu)水揚(yang)程(cheng)=實際出(chu)水揚(yang)程(cheng)+出(chu)水損失揚(yang)程(cheng)
損(sun)失揚(yang)(yang)程=吸水損(sun)失揚(yang)(yang)程+出水損(sun)失揚(yang)(yang)程
總揚程=實際揚程+損(sun)失(shi)揚程
由于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)銘牌(pai)上(shang)標明的揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)上(shang)述(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的總揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)此不能(neng)誤認為銘牌(pai)上(shang)的揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)實際(ji)(ji)揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數值,水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的實際(ji)(ji)揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)銘牌(pai)上(shang)的揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數值小。因(yin)此在(zai)確定水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時,這(zhe)一點要(yao)特別(bie)注意。否則,如果只按(an)實際(ji)(ji)揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來(lai)確定水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),訂購來(lai)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就低(di)(di)了(le),那可能(neng)會降(jiang)低(di)(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的效率,甚至打不上(shang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)。損失揚(yang)(yang)(yang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與管路上(shang)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)管和附件種(zhong)類(低(di)(di)閥、閘閥、逆止閥、直管、彎管)、數量、水(shui)(shui)(shui)管內徑、管長、水(shui)(shui)(shui)管內壁粗糙程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度以及水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)流(liu)量等(deng)都(dou)有密切關系(xi),這(zhe)一點在(zai)管路設計和選配水(shui)(shui)(shui)管和附件時也應注意。
3、允許吸上真(zhen)空高度(du)(Hs)
允(yun)許吸(xi)上真空高度是(shi)指真空表(biao)讀數吸(xi)水(shui)揚程(cheng)(cheng),也(ye)就是(shi)泵的(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)揚程(cheng)(cheng)(簡稱泵的(de)(de)吸(xi)程(cheng)(cheng)),包括(kuo)實際(ji)吸(xi)水(shui)揚程(cheng)(cheng)與吸(xi)水(shui)損失揚程(cheng)(cheng)之和。以Hs表(biao)示,單位為米(m)。
允許吸上(shang)真空高度是安(an)裝水(shui)泵(beng)高度的重要(yao)參數,安(an)裝水(shui)泵(beng)時,應使(shi)水(shui)泵(beng)的吸水(shui)揚程小于允許吸上(shang)真空高度值,否則安(an)裝過高,就吸不上(shang)水(shui)或(huo)生產氣(qi)蝕(shi)(shi)現象。如生產氣(qi)蝕(shi)(shi),不僅水(shui)泵(beng)性(xing)能變(bian)壞,而(er)且也可(ke)能使(shi)葉輪損壞。
4、轉速(n)
轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速是指(zhi)泵(beng)(beng)葉輪(lun)每分(fen)鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數,以(yi)n表示,單位(wei)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(fen)(r/min)。每臺泵(beng)(beng)都有一定的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速,不能隨意提(ti)高或降(jiang)低,這個固(gu)定的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)素稱為額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速,水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)銘牌上標定的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速即為額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速。如泵(beng)(beng)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)超過額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速,不但會(hui)引(yin)起動力(li)機超載(zai)或轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)不動,而且泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)零(ling)部件也容易(yi)損(sun)壞;轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速降(jiang)低,泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)效率(lv)就會(hui)降(jiang)低,影響水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)正常工作。
5、比轉數(ns)
在前(qian)述(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)型號(hao)中,有(you)些型號(hao)的(de)組成部分有(you)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)這個(ge)參數(shu)(shu)。比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)是兩個(ge)概(gai)念(nian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu),簡稱比(bi)(bi)速(su),常用符號(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)ns。水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)是指(zhi)一個(ge)假(jia)想的(de)所謂標準水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)葉輪的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu),這個(ge)假(jia)想的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)與(yu)真(zhen)實水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)葉輪各部分都幾何相(xiang)似,而(er)在消(xiao)耗(hao)功率(lv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.735千瓦(wa)、揚程(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1米(mi)、流(liu)(liu)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.075立(li)方米(mi)/秒時所具有(you)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)。葉輪形狀(zhuang)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或相(xiang)似的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong),葉輪形狀(zhuang)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或不(bu)相(xiang)似的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。如軸流(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)比(bi)(bi)混流(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)大,混流(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)也(ye)是反映水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)特性(xing)的(de)綜合(he)性(xing)指(zhi)標。此外,要注意比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)大的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)一定高(gao);比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)小的(de),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)一定低(di)。大流(liu)(liu)量、低(di)揚程(cheng)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)大,反之則小。一般比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)離心泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),其流(liu)(liu)量小、揚程(cheng)高(gao);而(er)比(bi)(bi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)軸流(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng),其流(liu)(liu)量大、揚程(cheng)低(di)。
6、功率(lv)
功率是指機組在單位時間(jian)內作功的大小。水泵功率可分(fen)為(wei)有效(xiao)功率、軸功率和(he)配(pei)套功率三種。
(1)有效(xiao)(xiao)功率(lv)(lv) 它是除掉水泵內部分損失功率(lv)(lv)后(hou),純用于揚(yang)(yang)水所消耗的功率(lv)(lv),因此又稱(cheng)為凈功率(lv)(lv)、輸出功率(lv)(lv)或水馬力。常用符號為N效(xiao)(xiao),單位為千瓦(或馬力)。有效(xiao)(xiao)功率(lv)(lv)值(zhi)可(ke)用水泵的流量和揚(yang)(yang)程(cheng)計算(suan)得出:
流量(liang)(千克(ke)/秒)×總揚程(米)
有(you)效功率率(千瓦)=————————————————
102
(2)軸(zhou)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv) 它是動力機傳給(gei)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)軸(zhou)上的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv),因此稱為軸(zhou)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)或輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。常用符號為N軸(zhou)。它是水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)有效功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)損失功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)之和。水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)損失功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)主要包括泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)體內(nei)軸(zhou)承的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦、水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)軸(zhou)與(yu)填料的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦、水(shui)(shui)與(yu)葉輪、泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)殼間的(de)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)擦,以及泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)內(nei)高壓水(shui)(shui)的(de)回漏等(deng)所消(xiao)耗的(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。
(3)配(pei)套功率(lv) 它(ta)是(shi)指水泵(beng)應選(xuan)配(pei)的(de)(de)動力(li)機的(de)(de)功率(lv),因此(ci)又稱用(yong)功率(lv)。常用(yong)符號為N配(pei),它(ta)比(bi)軸功率(lv)大(da)。這是(shi)因為動力(li)機把(ba)動力(li)傳遞給水泵(beng)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中,有傳動損(sun)失;同時還要考慮水泵(beng)工作時,流(liu)量及揚程(cheng)有波動而可能出(chu)現動力(li)機超載,因此(ci)動力(li)機需有比(bi)水泵(beng)軸功率(lv)大(da)的(de)(de)功率(lv)儲備。配(pei)套功率(lv)可按下(xia)式求得:
動(dong)力安全系數×(千(qian)克/秒)×揚程(米(mi))
配套功率(千瓦)=—————————————————————
102×水泵效率×傳動效率
動力安全系(xi)數(或稱(cheng)備用系(xi)數)可(ke)根(gen)據水泵軸功率(lv)大(da)小(xiao)確定(ding),軸功率(lv)小(xiao)時(shi)取大(da)值(zhi)。
傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)交(jiao)(jiao)率(lv)要根據傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)類型和傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)確定。采用聯軸器直接傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)時,取0.99。采用皮帶(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)時,開(kai)口式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)取0.98,交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)取0.9,半交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)取0.92~0.94;三角帶(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)取0.96。
7、效(xiao)率(lv)(n)
效(xiao)率(lv)是指(zhi)有效(xiao)功(gong)率(lv)與軸功(gong)率(lv)的比值,因(yin)此它是反映泵對(dui)動力(li)所(suo)給予的功(gong)率(lv)利(li)用(yong)(yong)程度(du)的技術經濟指(zhi)標(biao)。常用(yong)(yong)符號為(wei)n,其大小用(yong)(yong)百分數(shu)表(biao)示。可用(yong)(yong)下(xia)式表(biao)達:
有效效率
水(shui)泵效率=——————×100%
軸功率
由于有(you)效(xiao)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)小(xiao)于軸功率(lv)(lv)(lv),因此水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)永遠(yuan)小(xiao)于1。但水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)值越(yue)大(da)說明有(you)效(xiao)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)越(yue)大(da),泵(beng)(beng)(beng)內損失功率(lv)(lv)(lv)越(yue)小(xiao)。我們選擇(ze)水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)時,應盡量選擇(ze)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高(gao)的水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)。銘牌上的效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)是指(zhi)水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)可能達到的最(zui)高(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv),一般農用水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的最(zui)高(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)為60%~80%,有(you)些大(da)型水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)超(chao)過了80%。
(二)水泵性能參數(shu)之間關系
水泵的(de)(de)參數較多,但(dan)它們都不是(shi)孤立存在而是(shi)相互關(guan)聯相互影響(xiang)的(de)(de)。掌(zhang)握它們之(zhi)間的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi),對(dui)正確選購(gou)和使(shi)用水泵具有一定的(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)意(yi)義。
1、水泵轉速一定時,流量(liang)與揚程、功率(lv)、效(xiao)率(lv)的關系,即其揚程、功率(lv)和(he)效(xiao)率(lv)均隨流量(liang)變(bian)化而按一定規律變(bian)化。
以離心(xin)泵和軸流(liu)泵為(wei)例(li),它們的變化規律是不相同的。這兩種(zhong)泵的揚(yang)程(cheng)雖然都隨流(liu)量的增大(da)而降低,隨流(liu)量的減少而增高,但軸流(liu)泵變化更(geng)為(wei)顯著。而且當流(liu)量為(wei)零(ling)時(相當于出水管閘閥關閉(bi)),它的揚(yang)程(cheng)比(bi)正常值升(sheng)高很多。而離心(xin)泵揚(yang)程(cheng)升(sheng)高并不顯著。
兩種水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)功率與流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)間的(de)關系,其變化規(gui)律是相反的(de)。離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)功率隨流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)的(de)減(jian)小(xiao)而(er)降低(或者說隨揚程的(de)增(zeng)大而(er)降低),當離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)零(ling)時(shi),功率為(wei)最小(xiao)。因(yin)此離心(xin)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)在起動(dong)(dong)和停車前應關閉閘(zha)(zha)(zha)閥,以降低起動(dong)(dong)功率和穩定停車。而(er)軸(zhou)流(liu)(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)則相反,其功率是隨流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)的(de)減(jian)小(xiao)而(er)增(zeng)高,流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)零(ling)時(shi)功率最大。因(yin)此不能關閉閘(zha)(zha)(zha)閥起動(dong)(dong),正是這個原因(yin),所以軸(zhou)流(liu)(liu)(liu)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)出水管上并不安(an)裝閘(zha)(zha)(zha)閥。
兩種水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的效(xiao)(xiao)率與流(liu)量(liang)(liang)間(jian)的關系(xi),其變(bian)化(hua)(hua)規(gui)律(lv)也不相同。離(li)心泵(beng)的效(xiao)(xiao)率在流(liu)量(liang)(liang)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)時(shi),其變(bian)化(hua)(hua)較小,也就是說,流(liu)量(liang)(liang)在較大的范(fan)圍(wei)內改(gai)變(bian)時(shi),仍(reng)能(neng)保(bao)持(chi)較高的效(xiao)(xiao)率。由于離(li)心泵(beng)高效(xiao)(xiao)率范(fan)圍(wei)較寬(kuan),因(yin)此(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)在運行中可(ke)以調節(jie)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)的揚程。但軸(zhou)流(liu)泵(beng)則相反,流(liu)量(liang)(liang)稍(shao)有(you)改(gai)變(bian),效(xiao)(xiao)率變(bian)化(hua)(hua)較大。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)在運行中不宜(yi)調節(jie)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)和揚程。
2、水泵(beng)轉速改變時(shi),流量與(yu)揚程、功率、效率的(de)關系。
六、水泵(beng)的管路及附(fu)件(jian)
水泵為(wei)了完成抽水工作,不僅必須(xu)配備動務機,而(er)且還要配備管(guan)路及(ji)其附件(jian)。管(guan)路的種類規格較(jiao)多(duo),附件(jian)也較(jiao)多(duo)。以離心泵抽水站與(yu)套的管(guan)路及(ji)其附件(jian)為(wei)例(li),有底閥(fa)、濾(lv)閥(fa)、進水管(guan)、彎管(guan)、真空表、壓力表、出水管(guan)、逆止閥(fa)、閘閥(fa)及(ji)相應的連接法蘭、墊片、螺釘、螺母(mu)等。
水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)分為進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(又稱吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)和(he)壓水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)或揚水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan))。根(gen)據管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)配套(tao)型式和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)材質的不(bu)同,可(ke)分為橡膠管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、無縫鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、焊接鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(薄(bo)壁(bi)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan))、混凝土管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(硬塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan))和(he)涂(tu)塑(su)(su)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等。水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(指出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan))在(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)泵(beng)配套(tao)中占有(you)較(jiao)大的比重,選用(yong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)時(shi),既要考(kao)慮適用(yong)性(xing)又要考(kao)慮經濟性(xing)。小(xiao)型移動(dong)式抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),有(you)電地區多數選用(yong)小(xiao)型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電泵(beng),無電池區選用(yong)柴(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)。小(xiao)型潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電泵(beng)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)無須選用(yong)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)底(di)閥濾(lv)網,揚程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)高時(shi),出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)選用(yong)焊接鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan);揚程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)低時(shi),選用(yong)橡膠管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或涂(tu)塑(su)(su)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),也可(ke)以幾種管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)串聯。柴(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(指離心泵(beng)和(he)混流泵(beng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu))進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)選用(yong)橡膠管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)相應配套(tao)底(di)閥濾(lv)網,自(zi)吸離心泵(beng)可(ke)不(bu)用(yong)底(di)閥,進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)必須承受一(yi)定壓力而不(bu)變形,否則吸不(bu)上(shang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或影響水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)性(xing)能。揚程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)高時(shi)也水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)選用(yong)薄(bo)壁(bi)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、鋁合金管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或塑(su)(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),揚程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)低時(shi),可(ke)用(yong)塑(su)(su)料(liao)或涂(tu)塑(su)(su)軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)長度視其澆灌田塊環境的具體情況而定。
大中型提水機(ji)組(固定(ding)式排(pai)灌站)在(zai)確定(ding)機(ji)泵之前,首(shou)先要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)灌溉排(pai)水系統(tong)的(de)(de)規劃設計,選(xuan)定(ding)了(le)機(ji)泵之后(hou),要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)水利工程(cheng)施(shi)工,高揚程(cheng)抽水泵站的(de)(de)進(jin)出水管(guan)選(xuan)用(yong)焊(han)接鋼管(guan),低揚程(cheng)提水泵站,出水管(guan)可因(yin)地制宜選(xuan)用(yong)混(hun)凝土管(guan)。
管(guan)(guan)路的(de)連接(jie),鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要用法蘭盤或螺紋連接(jie),100毫米以下的(de)薄壁鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)、鋁合金(jin)管(guan)(guan)也可(ke)用球(qiu)形、半球(qiu)形的(de)快速接(jie)頭(tou)連接(jie),涂塑軟(ruan)管(guan)(guan)用旋轉(zhuan)式快速接(jie)頭(tou)連接(jie)。
彎(wan)管、底閥濾網、閥門、閘門、真空(kong)泵、真空(kong)表、壓(ya)力表等(deng)管道(dao)附件,都有(you)(you)各自的標準和定型產品,有(you)(you)戶根據(ju)配套需要,按照規格型號(hao)可向有(you)(you)關(guan)工廠(chang)訂貨或到(dao)市場有(you)(you)關(guan)部門選購。
七、水泵的選型配套
水泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)型和配套在我們經營部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)購貨、銷售(shou)、技(ji)術服(fu)務等項工作中是經常遇到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,它應(ying)包(bao)括(kuo)水泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)型、動(dong)力(li)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配套、傳動(dong)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇、管路及附件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)配等四個內容。
(一)水(shui)泵的選型(xing)
影響水(shui)泵(beng)的選型(xing)的因素(su)雖然很多,但主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是看流(liu)量的揚程(cheng)(cheng)是否能達到要(yao)(yao)求。因此選型(xing)的步(bu)驟(zou)一(yi)般首先(xian)是根據“需要(yao)(yao)”來確定所需的流(liu)量的揚程(cheng)(cheng)。
1、水泵(beng)流量(liang)的(de)確定
灌(guan)溉用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是由農田的(de)(de)(de)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de),農田的(de)(de)(de)需水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)灌(guan)區面積的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)、每畝地(di)(di)灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、農作物的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類及(ji)生長階段、土壤性質、地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)深度(du)、氣溫等(deng)因(yin)素都有密切關(guan)系。排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)降雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、河網的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)蓄(xu)能力、提防滲透、附近(jin)地(di)(di)勢、水(shui)(shui)(shui)旱田面積、農作物耐淹程(cheng)度(du)等(deng)有密切關(guan)系。對(dui)灌(guan)溉及(ji)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)流(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)計算是比較(jiao)細致(zhi)、復雜的(de)(de)(de)工作。
灌溉所需的流量,可按下列公式計算:
mS
Q = ——
tTn
式中:Q—灌溉所需的流量(米3/時);
m—每一畝一次灌水量(米3/畝),
S—灌(guan)溉面積,即實際受益面積(畝),按(an)水田、旱田分別統(tong)計;
t—每(mei)天(tian)(每(mei)晝夜)灌溉時數(小(xiao)時/天(tian)),即(ji)水泵(beng)每(mei)天(tian)抽水時間,通常每(mei)天(tian)工(gong)作(zuo)15~ 22小(xiao)時,拖動(dong)水泵(beng)的內燃機每(mei)天(tian)最多(duo)工(gong)作(zuo)20小(xiao)時,電動(dong)機為22小(xiao)時,究竟工(gong)作(zuo)多(duo)長 時間視具(ju)體情況而定(ding);
T—輪灌天(tian)數(shu),系指農田每(mei)一次灌水所延續的(de)天(tian)數(shu),視農作物生長(chang)要求、老力安排、水 利條件而(er)定。
n—灌區渠(qu)系(xi)水(shui)力利用(yong)系(xi)數。
農田(tian)(tian)(tian)期水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量根(gen)據田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)(jian)作業品(pin)種(zhong)的不(bu)同而(er)不(bu)同,例如水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)田(tian)(tian)(tian),剛(gang)開始灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時,田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)(jian)土(tu)壤干燥,須經耕(geng)翻(fan)、耕(geng)平,再灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),使土(tu)壤含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量飽和(he)并(bing)保(bao)持(chi)一(yi)(yi)定水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層深(shen)度(du),才(cai)能插秧,此后作物生長期用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量較(jiao)少(shao)。因此對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)田(tian)(tian)(tian)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量最(zui)多的是泡田(tian)(tian)(tian)期,所以(yi)一(yi)(yi)般用泡田(tian)(tian)(tian)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量作為(wei)計算所需流量的依據。泡田(tian)(tian)(tian)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量與(yu)土(tu)壤性質、地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)度(du)有關。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)生育期灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量與(yu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)間(jian)(jian)蒸發(fa)、滲(shen)漏有關,一(yi)(yi)般每晝夜耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)6~10毫米,出(chu)穗開花期每晝夜耗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)10~15毫米,旱田(tian)(tian)(tian)作物一(yi)(yi)般播前(qian)和(he)生育期灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量分別為(wei)50~60米3/畝和(he)25~50米3/畝。
2、所需水(shui)泵揚程(cheng)的(de)確(que)定
如前所述,水(shui)泵的揚程系指總揚程,即(ji)實際揚程加上損(sun)失(shi)揚程。
所需實際揚程(cheng),可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)各種方法(fa)實地測量出(chu)來。
所需(xu)損(sun)失揚程,可通(tong)過以下步驟確定:
(1)根據(ju)前述計算(suan)出(chu)的(de)所需(xu)流量,查水泵(beng)(beng)性能表,選定(ding)所需(xu)水泵(beng)(beng)的(de)口(kou)(kou)徑,并根據(ju)水泵(beng)(beng)的(de)口(kou)(kou)徑選定(ding)水泵(beng)(beng)進、出(chu)管直(zhi)徑。
(2)水泵型號(hao)的(de)確定
當所需(xu)的(de)流量和揚程確定之后(hou),即可根據水(shui)泵性能表(biao)選定水(shui)泵的(de)型號。在查(cha)水(shui)泵性能表(biao)時,先查(cha)找出(chu)與所需(xu)流量和揚程相接近的(de)水(shui)泵,然后(hou)再確定型號。
上面介紹了水(shui)泵選型的步驟和(he)計算方法,雖然(ran)比(bi)(bi)較麻(ma)煩(fan),但比(bi)(bi)較準確,這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)選到既可(ke)靠又經濟的水(shui)泵。我們經營部(bu)門應(ying)(ying)該掌握這(zhe)些內容,在(zai)訂貨、銷售中應(ying)(ying)為用戶(hu)服務,當(dang)好用戶(hu)的參謀(mou),提高經營水(shui)平(ping)。
(二(er))動力機的配套
1、動力機類(lei)型選(xuan)擇
拖動(dong)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的動(dong)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie),目(mu)前主要是(shi)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji),其中主要是(shi)前兩種(zhong)。電力(li)(li)排(pai)灌的優點是(shi):使用成本較(jiao)(jiao)底,操作(zuo)容易(yi),運轉穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)可靠,可直接連接水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng),維護(hu)保(bao)養簡單(dan),管理方便,在(zai)電力(li)(li)充足的地區使用可接省燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)能源(yuan),適于大面(mian)(mian)積排(pai)灌,但受(shou)電源(yuan)****,排(pai)灌基(ji)本建(jian)(jian)設(she)投資(zi)多(duo);柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)不受(shou)電源(yuan)****,基(ji)本建(jian)(jian)設(she)投資(zi)少,特別是(shi)小型柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)分散的小面(mian)(mian)積和(he)(he)(he)移動(dong)性排(pai)灌情(qing)況(kuang)下,具(ju)(ju)有很明顯(xian)的實(shi)用性和(he)(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)靈(ling)活(huo)性。但它們的使用成本高,操作(zuo)技術(shu)要求(qiu)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴,運轉不夠穩(wen)定(ding)(ding),維護(hu)保(bao)養比較(jiao)(jiao)復雜,一般(ban)需間接連接水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)。柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)汽(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)相比較(jiao)(jiao),柴(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)配套較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)。究(jiu)竟選擇哪種(zhong)動(dong)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie),要視具(ju)(ju)體(ti)情(qing)況(kuang)而定(ding)(ding),在(zai)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)(beng)說明書上對(dui)動(dong)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)配套一般(ban)都(dou)有規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。
2、動力機(ji)功率及(ji)轉(zhuan)速的確定
動力機(ji)類型(xing)確(que)定(ding)之(zhi)后(hou),主要是確(que)定(ding)動力機(ji)的功率及(ji)轉速(su)。
一臺(tai)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)需要(yao)多(duo)大功(gong)(gong)(gong)率的動力機(ji)配套,一般在水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)銘(ming)牌、水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)性能(neng)表(biao)及使(shi)用說明(ming)書中(zhong)均有(you)規定,但(dan)要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)雖然動力機(ji)的功(gong)(gong)(gong)率要(yao)大于水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)軸功(gong)(gong)(gong)率,然而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)把動力機(ji)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率選(xuan)的太大,大機(ji)拖小(xiao)(xiao)泵(beng)(beng),經濟上(shang)不(bu)(bu)合(he)算;也(ye)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)把功(gong)(gong)(gong)率選(xuan)小(xiao)(xiao)了,小(xiao)(xiao)機(ji)拖大泵(beng)(beng),這(zhe)樣不(bu)(bu)僅動力機(ji)超載甚至使(shi)動力機(ji)損(sun)壞,而且可能(neng)會使(shi)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)流(liu)量減小(xiao)(xiao)。
動力(li)機(ji)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)泵(beng)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)配(pei)套,就(jiu)是動力(li)機(ji)在(zai)他自己(ji)額(e)(e)定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)下(xia)工(gong)作時,被拖動的水(shui)泵(beng)也要在(zai)它自己(ji)的額(e)(e)定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)下(xia)工(gong)作,若兩(liang)者(zhe)額(e)(e)定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)相等、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向也相同(tong)時,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)配(pei)套就(jiu)算解決了。但如(ru)果轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)不(bu)(bu)等或(huo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向不(bu)(bu)同(tong)時,就(jiu)要用改(gai)變(bian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)或(huo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向的傳動裝置來使(shi)兩(liang)者(zhe)達到相配(pei)合的目(mu)的。當兩(liang)者(zhe)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)不(bu)(bu)等時,一般可用改(gai)變(bian)皮帶輪(lun)直徑的辦法(fa)來調節。皮帶輪(lun)直徑與(yu)(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)有如(ru)下(xia)關(guan)系(xi)式。
(1.01~1.05)×水泵轉速×水泵皮(pi)帶輪(lun)直徑
動力機皮帶輪直徑=————————————————————
動力機轉(zhuan)速
動(dong)力機(ji)轉速(su)×動(dong)力機(ji)皮帶輪(lun)直徑(jing)
水泵(beng)皮帶輪直徑=————————————————
(1.01~1.05)×水泵(beng)轉速
實際上(shang)對已(yi)選定(ding)的(de)(de)水泵和(he)動力(li)機(ji)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su),都(dou)可(ke)以分別(bie)從(cong)它們各自的(de)(de)銘牌上(shang)或性能表上(shang)查(cha)出(chu),水泵和(he)動力(li)機(ji)其中只要有(you)一(yi)個皮(pi)帶(dai)輪的(de)(de)直徑可(ke)以查(cha)出(chu)或測量出(chu)來,另一(yi)個就可(ke)按上(shang)式(shi)計算(suan)出(chu)來,式(shi)中的(de)(de)1.01~1.05是考慮(lv)皮(pi)帶(dai)在皮(pi)帶(dai)輪上(shang)打(da)滑而會降低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su),所取(qu)得(de)的(de)(de)打(da)滑系數。一(yi)般情況(kuang)下,三角皮(pi)帶(dai)取(qu)1.01~1.02,平皮(pi)帶(dai)取(qu)1.02~1.05。
(三)傳動裝(zhuang)置的選擇
動力(li)機與水泵之間(jian)的傳動方式可分(fen)為直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)傳動和間(jian)接(jie)(jie)傳動兩種。
1、直接傳動(dong)
直接(jie)(jie)(jie)傳動(dong)(dong)就是把水泵與動(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)的(de)(de)傳動(dong)(dong)軸通常用(yong)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軸器直接(jie)(jie)(jie)連接(jie)(jie)(jie)起來。聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軸器有(you)剛性和彈性連接(jie)(jie)(jie)兩(liang)種(zhong),為了補償兩(liang)軸線(xian)不對中的(de)(de)偏差,減少(shao)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)中的(de)(de)振動(dong)(dong),傳動(dong)(dong)平(ping)穩和便(bian)于安裝,一(yi)(yi)般常采用(yong)彈性聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軸器。當水泵與動(dong)(dong)力(li)機(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速相(xiang)同(tong)或(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)近(jin)(相(xiang)差不大于2%),且軸線(xian)在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)直線(xian)上,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向有(you)一(yi)(yi)致時(shi),最(zui)好采用(yong)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軸器直接(jie)(jie)(jie)傳動(dong)(dong)。這種(zhong)傳動(dong)(dong)方式的(de)(de)優點是:結(jie)構緊湊(cou),運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)平(ping)穩可(ke)靠(kao),傳動(dong)(dong)效(xiao)率(lv)高。目前用(yong)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)水泵的(de)(de)機(ji)組,大都采用(yong)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)軸器直接(jie)(jie)(jie)傳動(dong)(dong)。
2、間接傳動
間接傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)就是水泵(beng)與動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)軸不(bu)能(neng)直聯(lian)(lian),而(er)是通過中間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)直聯(lian)(lian)接并傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)。這種中間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)裝置(zhi)主要是用(yong)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和齒(chi)輪傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。齒(chi)輪傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)雖然傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)效益高,但制造成本高、價(jia)格貴,僅在(zai)大型排灌站使用(yong)。當水泵(beng)與動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)轉速(su)不(bu)同(tong),軸線不(bu)在(zai)同(tong)一直線上(垂直或平行),轉向(xiang)不(bu)一致(zhi)時,一般均采(cai)用(yong)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)間接傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)間接傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是:對轉速(su)、轉向(xiang)、線軸位置(zhi)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)廣,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)較平穩,過載(zai)時皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)可打滑,不(bu)致(zhi)損壞(huai)機(ji)(ji)件,結構(gou)簡單,使用(yong)維(wei)修方(fang)便。但傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)效益低,需經常調節(jie)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)長(chang)度和更換(huan)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。目前用(yong)內燃(ran)機(ji)(ji)拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)水泵(beng)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)組大都采(cai)用(yong)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)間接傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)按所用(yong)皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)種類不(bu)同(tong)可分為平皮(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)和三角膠帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)兩種,此外近年來還出(chu)現齒(chi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。
平(ping)皮(pi)(pi)帶(dai)在(zai)內(nei)燃機拖動水(shui)(shui)泵機組(zu)上應用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)多(duo),它(ta)的(de)適用(yong)(yong)范圍較(jiao)廣,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動方向可以多(duo)變,但傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動比較(jiao)小(xiao),皮(pi)(pi)帶(dai)易打滑,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動損(sun)失大,效率較(jiao)低。平(ping)皮(pi)(pi)帶(dai)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動方式(shi)有開口式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動、交叉(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動和半交叉(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動三種,開口式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動適用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)(shui)泵與電機兩軸平(ping)行,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)也可相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動;交叉(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動適用(yong)(yong)與兩軸平(ping)行、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向相(xiang)(xiang)反、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)也可相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動上;半交叉(cha)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動適用(yong)(yong)于兩軸相(xiang)(xiang)互垂直、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)也可相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動上。
三角(jiao)(jiao)膠(jiao)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)具有梯形斷面(mian),裝在皮(pi)(pi)(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)輪(lun)的梯形槽(cao)中(zhong)。由于三角(jiao)(jiao)膠(jiao)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)是膠(jiao)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)的兩(liang)個側面(mian)與(yu)輪(lun)槽(cao)兩(liang)側緊密接觸,摩擦力(li)比平(ping)(ping)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)大(da),所以傳(chuan)動(dong)比較大(da),在實際使用(yong)中(zhong)傳(chuan)動(dong)效率(lv)比平(ping)(ping)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)略高,結構緊湊,使用(yong)安全(quan)平(ping)(ping)穩。
(四)管路及附件(jian)的選配
1、管路的選配(pei)
管路選(xuan)配主要(yao)是(shi)選(xuan)用合適的(de)(de)管路直徑,采(cai)用合理的(de)(de)布置方案(an),以減(jian)少管路地揚程損失,節省功率。
為(wei)了(le)減慢水在管(guan)(guan)路(lu)中的流(liu)速,減少(shao)管(guan)(guan)路(lu)的揚程損失,管(guan)(guan)路(lu)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)都(dou)比水泵口(kou)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)略大(da)些(xie)。一般進水管(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)比水泵進口(kou)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大(da)50毫米(2英寸),出(chu)口(kou)管(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)也應(ying)(ying)(ying)適當(dang)加大(da),至(zhi)少(shao)等(deng)于水泵出(chu)口(kou)管(guan)(guan)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)。管(guan)(guan)路(lu)直(zhi)(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)擴(kuo)大(da)后,就應(ying)(ying)(ying)在水泵進、出(chu)口(kou)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)處(chu)配裝漸變接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan),采用大(da)小頭接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan)(錐形短管(guan)(guan))。水泵進口(kou)處(chu)的大(da)小頭接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)漸細接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan),它的特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)具有偏心(xin)的接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan),安裝時(shi),偏心(xin)(長半(ban)徑(jing)(jing)(jing))朝下(xia),以使上面為(wei)水平狀態,這(zhe)一點(dian)在訂(ding)貨(huo)、保管(guan)(guan)和發貨(huo)時(shi)要(yao)注意,不(bu)要(yao)搞錯。水泵出(chu)口(kou)處(chu)大(da)小頭接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)漸擴(kuo)管(guan)(guan),可以是(shi)(shi)同心(xin)接(jie)(jie)管(guan)(guan)。
2、管路附件的選配
管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)附件(jian)的選配(pei)應貫徹既安(an)(an)全又經濟(ji)的原則。也(ye)就是說,既能(neng)保證機組(zu)的正常運行(xing),又要選配(pei)最簡單(dan)的管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)附件(jian),以(yi)減(jian)少(shao)揚程(cheng)損失(shi)。如濾(lv)網,在水(shui)源清潔(jie)無雜物(wu)的情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia),可(ke)不(bu)設置。底閥,在用(yong)真空能(neng)夠(gou)抽氣充水(shui)或(huo)用(yong)其它方法充水(shui)時,也(ye)可(ke)不(bu)用(yong)。出水(shui)管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上如能(neng)用(yong)拍門代(dai)替(ti)逆止閥,就盡量用(yong)拍門。除(chu)離心(xin)泵(beng)和混流泵(beng)采(cai)用(yong)閘(zha)閥外,進(jin)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)和軸流泵(beng)出水(shui)管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)應安(an)(an)裝閘(zha)閥。此外進(jin)、出水(shui)管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)都(dou)(dou)要盡量減(jian)少(shao)彎管(guan)(guan)。對一個排灌站(zhan)來說,究竟應設置哪些管(guan)(guan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)附件(jian),應根(gen)據具體情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)選配(pei)。
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